Anti-obesity effect and UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS based metabolite profiling of Solanum nigrum leaf extract

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant potential and pancreatic lipase inhibitory action of optimized hydroethanolic extracts of Solanum nigrum. Methods: Optimized extraction for maximum recovery of metabolites was performed using a combination of freeze-drying and ultrasonication followed by determination of antioxidant and antiobesity properties. The ultra-high performance liquid chromatography equipped with mass spectrometry was used to analyze metabolite profiling of Solanum nigrum. Computational studies were performed using molecular docking and electrostatic potential analysis for individual compounds. The hypolipidemic potential of the most potent extract was assessed in the obese mice fed on fat rich diet. Results: The 80% hydroethanolic extract exhibited the highest extract yield, total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents along with the strongest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, total antioxidant power, and pancreatic lipase inhibitory properties. The 80% hydroethanolic extract not only regulated the lipid profile of obese mice but also restricted the weight gain in the liver, kidney, and heart. The 80% hydroethanolic extract also reduced alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase concentrations in serum. The effects of plant extract at 300 mg/kg body weight were quite comparable with the standard drug orlistat. Conclusions: Solanum nigrum is proved as an excellent and potent source of secondary metabolites that might be responsible for obesity mitigation.

Anti-obesity effect and UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS based metabolite profiling of Solanum nigrum leaf extract

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant potential and pancreatic lipase inhibitory action of optimized hydroethanolic extracts of Solanum nigrum. Methods: Optimized extraction for maximum recovery of metabolites was performed using a combination of freeze-drying and ultrasonication followed by determination of antioxidant and antiobesity properties. The ultra-high performance liquid chromatography equipped with mass spectrometry was used to analyze metabolite profiling of Solanum nigrum. Computational studies were performed using molecular docking and electrostatic potential analysis for individual compounds. The hypolipidemic potential of the most potent extract was assessed in the obese mice fed on fat rich diet. Results: The 80% hydroethanolic extract exhibited the highest extract yield, total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents along with the strongest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, total antioxidant power, and pancreatic lipase inhibitory properties. The 80% hydroethanolic extract not only regulated the lipid profile of obese mice but also restricted the weight gain in the liver, kidney, and heart. The 80% hydroethanolic extract also reduced alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase concentrations in serum. The effects of plant extract at 300 mg/kg body weight were quite comparable with the standard drug orlistat. Conclusions: Solanum nigrum is proved as an excellent and potent source of secondary metabolites that might be responsible for obesity mitigation.

Metabolite profiling and antidiabetic attributes of ultrasonicated leaf extracts of Conocarpus lancifolius

Objective: To profile the secondary metabolites and to evaluate the antidiabetic potential of hydroethanolic leaf extracts of Conocarpus lancifolius. Methods: The various hydroethanolic extracts of Conocarpus lancifolius leaf were prepared by ultrasonication assisted freeze-drying. Total phenolic contents, flavonoid contents, antioxidant activity, α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitions of leaf extracts were determined. The metabolite profiling was accomplished by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis. The antidiabetic assessment of the most potent extract was carried out by measuring the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect in the high fat diet-fed diabetic albino mice. The blood glucose level, haemoglobin, total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) were determined. Results: The 60% ethanolic extract exhibited the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents of (349.39 ± 2.13) mg GAE/g dry extract and (116.95 ± 2.34) mg RE/g dry extracts, respectively, and the highest DPPH scavenging activity with an IC50 value of (32.87 ± 1.11) μg/mL. The IC50 values for α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitions were (38.64 ± 0.93) μg/mL and (44.80 ± 1.57) μg/mL, respectively. UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis confirmed the presence of gallic acid, ellagic acid, corilagin, kaempherol-3-O-rutinoside, caffeic acid derivative, isorhamnetin and galloyl derivatives in the 60% ethanolic extract. Plant extract at a dose of 450 mg/kg body weight reduced blood glucose level, total cholesterol, LDL and HDL, and increased haemoglobin in alloxan-induced diabetic mice, Conclusions: Conocarpus lancifolius leaves are proved as a good source of biologically functional metabolites and possess antidiabetic activity which may be further explored to treat diabetes.

Antioxidant activity, Hypoglycemic potential and metabolite profiling of Hyophorbe indica leaf extract

Current work was performed to evaluate antioxidant activity, ?-glucosidase inhibition, phytochemical profiling and in vivo hypoglycemic activity of freeze dried, ultrasonicated Hyophorbe indica leaf extracts. The highest total phenolic contents of 208.77 +/- 2.11 mg GAE/g DE and total flavonoid contents of 173.90 +/- 2.30 mg Rutin/g DE were obtained in 60% ethanol extract. The 60% ethanol extract exhibited maximum DPPH radical scavenging with IC50 value of 35.35 +/- 0.189microg/mL and total antioxidant power of 330.26 +/- 3.13 [ASE/g PE], respectively. The highest ?-glucosidase inhibition [IC50 36.52 +/- 0.08?g/mL] was also observed for 60% ethanol extract. The 60% ethanol extract at dose of 450 mg/kg body weight reduced blood glucose level of alloxan induced diabetic mice by 51.41% which was quite comparable with metformin [56.67%]. Twelve compounds namely citric acid, procyanidin B3, epicatechin, procyanidin B2, catechin, catechin derivative, procyanidin B1, apigenin-c-hexocide-c-hexocide, kaempferol, kaempferol derivative, quinic acid derivative and gallic acid have been identified by using UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS in 60% ethanol extract

Antihyperglycemic effect of Conocarpus erectus leaf extract in alloxaninduced diabetic mice

Synthetic drugs have widely been helpful in management of diabetes mellitus type 2. However, side effects associated with synthetic drugs serve as an impetus to explore plants as alternate mode of treatment. The hydroethanolic leaf extracts of Conocarpus erectus were evaluated for phenolic contents, flavonoid distribution, antioxidant activity and antidiabetic potential. The maximum extract yield, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were exposed by 60% ethanolic extract. The Antioxidant and anti alpha-glucosidase tendency of 60% ethanolic extract was the most promising and complemented by in-vivo antihyperglycemic impact on mice. The findings were substantial regarding suppression of blood glucose levels in alloxan induced diabetic mice establishing the Conocarpus erectus as proficient pool of nutraceuticals for diabetes mellitus type 2 management

slit-skin smear an alternate to histopathology in the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis?

To determine how effective is slit-skin smear as a diagnostic test in comparison with the histopathology. This was a validation study, carried out in Combined Military Hospital [CMH] Kohat from 1st September 2011 to 30th June 2012. The study population was the patients who were clinically diagnosed as cutaneous leishmaniasis. Slit-skin smears were performed in all and a biopsy was sent for histopathology. The results were analyzed by cross tabs and chi square test. A total of 50 patients were included. They were all adult males. Leishman-Donovan [LD] bodies were seen in histopathology slides in 31 patients [62%] and were not detected in 19 patients [38%]. The slit-smear showed LD bodies in 18 smears [36%] and negative in 32 smears [64%] [p=0.048]. Histopathology is statistically superior investigation than slit-skin smear in the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis

Mandibular condyle fracture- effect of treatment on occlusal relationship

The incidence of fractures involving the mandibular condyle are stated by most authors to be the second-most common type of fracture of the mandible with male-female ratio 2:1. Condylar fracture may result in restricted mouth opening, restricted movement of the jaw and malocclusion, Malocclusion following condylar trauma may result from alteration in the condylar growth center or union of the fractured segments in a position other than that existing prior to injury. Therefore, the aim of the treatment should be to achieve normal static and dynamic occlusal relationships after treatment. The purpose of this study was to see the improvements in the occlusal relationships after the treatment of the fractured mandibular condyle. Two different treatment modalities surgical and nonsurgical were used to assess their impact on occlusion. The study followed a prospective comparative design and was carried out at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan on sixty patients with unilateral condylar fractures. Thirty patients were treated by nonsurgical method and thirty by surgical method. At different intervals of their post-operative visits, patients were evaluated in terms of occlusion to assess the difference between the two groups. Patients treated by nonsurgical method, i.e., closed reduction had greater percentage of malocclusions [44%] at the final post-operative visit i.e. one year, as compared with patients treated by surgical treatment [8.3%] p=0.005.. Based on this study, more consistent occlusion can be expected when fractures of the condyle are treated by the open reduction and internal fixation technique

Dynamics of Kirsten Ras and isoforms of protein kinasis in the progression of oral potentially malignant to malignant lesions

Oral premalignant lesions and oral squamous cell carcinoma are significant health problems influenced by different predisposing factors and genetic alterations .The clinical and histological features alone cannot accurately predict whether potentially premalignant lesions of the oral mucosa will remain stable, regress or progress to malignancy. Methodology included extraction of RNA from paraffin embedded tissue samples, RT-PCR followed by PCR in 53 biopsy specimens of premalignant and malignant lesions. Results of this study indicate that Akt levels show a continuous rise from pre-malignant lesions to grade II. [Akt1: Premalignant lesions 0.06 + 0.01 and in moderately differentiated Grade II OSCC 0.12 + 0.03; Akt2: Premalignant lesions 0.03 +0.00 and moderately differentiated Grade II OSCC 0.13 + 0.03 and Akt3: Premalignant lesions 0.02 +0.00 and moderately differentiated Grade II OSCC 0.06 + 0.01. KRas expression also increases as the grade of the cancer increases [premalignant lesions 0.02 +0.02 and Grade II OSCC 0.17 +0.01]. Blocking these genes at the level of premalignant lesions may help to decrease the chances of progression into oral squamous cell carcinoma

Role of protein kinases and Kirsten Ras pathways in oral squamous cell carcinoma and poorly differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma in Punjab [Pakistan] population

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma [OSCC] develops by accumulation of multiple genetic alterations, influenced by the patient's genetic predisposition as well as by environmental influences, that includes pan, chaalyia, tobacco, alcohol, chronic inflammation, and viral infection. This study was carried out to understand the molecular alterations which contribute to the development of OSCC in Pakistani population. The study was conducted on a sample of 53 patients collected from different hospitals of Lahore. Results of this study indicate that Akt levels shows higher expression with increase in grades. The value of Akt1 in well differentiated grade 1 tissue is of the order of 0.09+0.00, Akt2 is 0.04+0.00 and Akt3 is 0.02+0.00 while in poorly differentiated tissues the values of Akt 1, Akt and Akt3 are 0.22+0.09, 0.13+0.03 and 0.06+0.01 respectively. kRas is an oncogene which is highly elevated in both grades [well differentiated: 0.09+0.02 and poorly differentiated: 0.13+0.02] in all samples of OSCC. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that Akt isoforms and kRas significantly control the cancer transition pathway. It is seen that Akt 1expression rises from 2.5- fold in well differentiated tissues to 3.5-fold in poorly differentiated tissues. The Akt-2 on the other hand shows only 0.5-fold increases from normal tissue in grade 1 tissues, but rises to 4-fold in grade-3 tissue. On the other hand there was no change in Akt-3 as compared to normal in grade I tissues yet, 3-fold increase has been recorded in grade III tissue. The oncogene K-RaS shows consistent increase of the order of 2.5-fold in grade I and 3-fold in grade III. This information combined with histopathological reports can further improve our understanding of the prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma

Awareness regarding screening of oral cancers in young dental graduate

Oral cancer is an ideal cancer to identify early by screening. Dentists can play a critical role in the early diagnosis of oral cancers. Because oral and pharyngeal cancers can be recognized at an earliest stage by visual and tactile examination, dentists are one of the most likely groups of health care practitioners who have a key role in counseling patients regarding early detection of oral cancer. Assessment of the level of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of dental health care workers regarding oral cancer is thus important and it is vital to train such professionals in oral cancer risk, prevention and control measures, and detection procedures. The aim of this study was thus to investigate the oral cancer awareness of dentist at Lahore dental schools by assessing knowledge and attitude about oral cancer risk factors. This cross-sectional survey was conducted between September to October 2011 by self-administered questionnaires among a random sample of 75 young dentists of dental institutes of Lahore. Questionnaires were then entered in the SPSS and quantitative e qualitative data was analyzed. Though dentists were aware of risk factors associated with oral cancers and understand the importance of screening in early diagnosis as shown by this study but more education was needed in dental schools, postgraduate programs and continuing education programs to enhance dental professionals' knowledge of Oral Cancer risk factors and diagnostic concepts. Such programs should include information about adjunctive diagnostic aids as well

Comparison of surgical with nonsurgical treatment for fractured mandibular condyle - a study

Condylar fractures are the second most-common fractures of the mandible. The purpose of this study was to compare the surgical [open reduction+internal fixation] and nonsurgical [closed reduction+immobilization] treatment of mandibular condylar fracture in terms of occlusion and maximum mouth opening[inter-incisal distance of the jaws] after these two procedures. The study followed a prospective comparative design and was carried out at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, King Edward Medical University/ Mayo Hospital, Lahore on sixty patients with uni-lateral condylar fractures [neck and /or subcondylar]. Thirty patients were treated by nonsurgical method and thirty by surgical method. At different intervals of their post-operative visits, patients were evaluated in terms of occlusion and maximum mouth opening to assess the difference between the two groups. Patients treated by nonsurgical treatment i.e. closed reduction had greater percentage of malocclusions [44%] at the final post operative visit i.e. one year, as compared with patients treated by surgical treatment i.e. open reduction and internal fixation [8.3%] p=0.005. Similarly patients treated surgically exhibited better improvement in maximum inter incisal opening [46mm+4.50] than patients treated non-surgically [37mm+5.50] at the final post operative visit i.e. one year [p=<0.05]. Based on this study, more consistent occlusion and better improvement in maximum mouth opening can be expected when fractures of the condyle are treated by surgical technique

Retrospective analysis of cases of acute endophthalmitis after surgery

To find out the prevalence and visual outcome of acute endophthalmitis after cataract surgery. Retrospective. 1[st] January 2001 to 31st December 2009. Wah Medical College, P.O.F. Hospital Wah Cantt, Rawalpindi. Fifty cases of acute endophthalmitis who had undergone treatment. Each case of acute endophthalmitis was evaluated in terms of presentation, detailed examination, treatment and outcome. Microbiological culture of the vitreous aspirates was also done to identify the causative organism. The analysis was also meant to identify the prognostic factors of visual outcome of these cases. Fifty patients presented with acute endophthalmitis out of the fifteen thousand cataract surgeries performed during the 9 year period. The incidence of endophthalmitis was 0.33% [95% CI]. A vitreous biopsy with intravitreal injection of antibiotics was done in all the cases presenting with acute endophthalmitis. Decreased visual acuity [90%] and pain [75%] were the main presenting features in these cases. There were 36 [72%] culture positive cases, with staphylococci [50%] being the most common organism found. Vitreous biopsy yielded positive results in 36 [72%] patients while negative results with no microbial growth was found in 14[28%] patients. There were 20 [40%] growths of coagulase negative staphylococci, 5 [10%] growths of streptococci, 8 [16%] growths of coagulase positive staphylococci, and 3 [6%] of gram negative organisms. The final visual outcome was recorded after one month. 8 [16%] patients achieved 6/12 or better, 26 [52%] patients achieved moderately good visual acuity 6/60 to 6/12, while 16 [32%] patients achieved poor visual acuity of less than 6/60. Of the latter group who had poor visual acuity, 2 [4%] patients had only perception of light while 1 [2%] patient had no perception of light and 1 [2%] patient had blind and painful eye who had to undergo evisceration. 6 [16%] patients achieved 6/12 or better visual acuity. The incidence of endophthalmitis is consistent with other studies. Laboratory diagnosis of the vitreous aspirates helps in the treatment. Achieving a good visual outcome is possible with treatment of the cases of acute endophthalmitis

Dental caries and diabetes mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus has been linked with increased incidence of dental caries. Aim of this study was to compare caries incidence between control group and diabetic patients and to assess whether there is any association between dental caries and salivary glucose level and salivary calcium levels. Study was conducted on 60 subjects; 30 control and 30 diabetics. DFT [Decayed Filled Teeth Score] was assessed for both the groups clinically. Then un-stimulated whole saliva samples from diabetics and control group were collected, stored and frozen at -20C. Saliva samples were then defrosted, centrifuged and their supernatant portion were analyzed by Dimension Clinical Chemistry System for Salivary glucose and calcium levels. SPSS 16.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results showed that DFT score was higher among the diabetic patients [2.49] when compared with the control group [0.53]. It was also concluded that salivary glucose levels were higher and salivary calcium levels were lower in the diabetic patients as compared to control group

Oral cancer knowledge and awareness amongst undergraduate dental students of Lahore - Pakistan

The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge and awareness of undergraduate dental students regarding risk factors and signs of oral cancer. A self reported questionnaire comprising of eight questions was given to seven hundred and sixty undergraduate dental students in four of the five dental institutes situated in Lahore, Pakistan during the academic year 2010. The results showed i gradient of responses to questions related to oral cancer awareness and knowledge amongst students of 1[st], 2[nd], 3[rd] and final year BDS. Better knowledge and awareness was found amongst 3rd year students as compared to final year students [p<0.05]. This may be due to the fact that oral pathology is taught in third year. The study highlights the need to improve the knowledge of undergraduate dental students regarding prevention and early detection of oral cancer

Assessment of antero-posterior position of lips: E-line- S-line

In cephalometric and photographic analysis, several reference lines have been used to assess anteroposterior position of the upper and lower lips: E-Line and S-Line being the most commonly used reference lines Aim of this study was to find out the antero-posterior position of lips on photograph using E-line and S-line in patients with orthognathic profile and to establish correlation between lip prominence judged by E-Line and S-Line. The study was conducted on 90 subjects, with orthognathic profile as judged in consensus by orthodontist, prosthodontist, Oral Surgeon, Oral Pathologist and General Dentist and confirmed by lateral cephalogram [ANB 0-4°, Wits Value 0,-lmm] with age range of 12-30 years. E-Line and S-Line were drawn on photograph to assess the prominence of upper Lip and lower lip. SPSS 16.0 was used for statistical evaluation. Antero-posterior position of upper and lower lip with reference to E-line was -7.9+3.33 mm -0.4+3.24 mm respectively and Antero-posterior position of upper and lower lip with reference to S-line was 3.72+2.85 mm and 1.18+3.23 mm respectively. Moreover statistically significant correlation was found r-0.509 between Upper lip to E-Line and Upper Lip to S-Line andm r= 0.861 between Lower lip to E-Line and Lower lip to S-Line

Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma;

To evaluate 20 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva. To determine the clinical and pathological characteristics. Retrospective study. POP hospital and EDO eye hospital Wah.Cantt From June 200 to July 2006. The patients presenting with squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva were retrospectively evaluated. Patients were usually male [80%], elderly [75% >60 years of age], with most lesions [90%] occurring at the limbus. Two patients [10%] suffered recurrence of the squamous cell of the conjunctiva within 2 to 4 months of resection. Corneal invasion was noted in two patients [10%] while there was intraocular and orbital invasion in two patients [10%]. One patient [5%] required enucleation and one patient [5%] required exenteration. In situ carcinoma was noted in 18 patients [90%]. Squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva occurs in the sun exposed area of the conjuntiva at the limbus in the elderly men. Recurrence was noted in the younger patients and with larger lesions. Enucleation and exenteration is required in a small number of cases

Visual acuity; assessment of efficacy and safety of different doses of intravitreal triamcinolone

To compare efficacy of different doses of intravitreal triamcinolone on the best corrected visual acuity and assess the safety of the drug. The study was carried out at Al-Shifa Trust Eye hospital Rawalpindi, and Rawalpindi General Hospital Rawalpindi. 99 eyes of 99 patients with clinically significant macular edema were randomized to treatment with 2mg, 4mg, 6mg and 8mg of intravitreal triamcinolone.19 patients were lost in the follow up. Follow up of the patients was scheduled for twenty four weeks to assess the changes in the best corrected visual acuity and the side effects of the drug such as rise in intra ocular pressure between the four groups. There was a significant improvement of best corrected visual acuity in all the four groups. The mean BCVA improvement in the 8mg was higher than the 2mg group with an improvement of 2 lines and 1 line respectively. [P=0.04]. the rise in the intra ocular pressure [>21 mg] occurred in 5%, 5%, 5% 40% in the 2mg, 4mg, 6mg and the 8mg respectively. The higher doses of intravitreal triamcinolone may increase and prolong the visual benefits in cases of clinically significant macular oedema but the rise in intra ocular pressure remains an area of concern. More studies are required to assess the optimum dose of intravitreal triamcinolone

Decreasing efficacy of repeated intravitreal triamcinolone injection in diabetic macular oedema

To assess the efficacy of 4mg of repeated intravitreal injection of triamcinolone for the treatment of diabetic macular oedema. This is a case series of twenty eyes of twenty patients who received repeated injections of 4 mg of intravitreal triamcinolone at least 24 weeks after the first injection The best corrected visual acuity was compared after the first and repeated injection of intravitreal triamcinolone and at 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after the first and repeated injection of intravitreal triamcinolone using the paired t test. Side effects were also monitored. The best corrected visual acuity was significantly less in the repeated intravitreal injection at all follow ups [p <0.05] as compared to the initial injection of triamcinolone .The rise in the intraocular pressure and the cataract score were not significantly different in the initial and repeated injections of intravitreal triamcinolone. The repeated injection of 4 mg of intravitreal triamcinolone is not as effective as the initial injection of the same dose

Evaluation of photo refractive keratectomy with corneal topography

To analyze the incidence and clinical characteristics of different topographic patterns after photorefractive keratectomy and the effect of different topographic patterns on best corrected visual acuity. This prospective study was carried out at Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital a series of 100 eyes of 50 patients who had undergone PRK, were evaluated postoperatively with video Keratograph [HS Keratograph 922]. The different topographical patterns were studied and there relationship to visual acuity was considered. The patients were evaluated at 4 weeks and 12 weeks follow up. The patients were mostly in the age group of 20 to 30 years. Fifty patients were selected for the study. The incidences of the various ablation patterns on corneal topography were studied. The corneal topography at one. month showed that fifty- one eyes [60.71%] had a homogenous pattern and the contours of the cornea were uniform. Twenty -one eyes [25%] were found to have the central islands while six eyes [7. 14%] had the semicircular pattern. The remaining six [7.14%] eyes had the keyhole pattern of ablation. The incidence of the various ablation patterns on corneal topography at three months showed that seventy- five eyes [89.28%] had a homogenous pattern. Five eyes [5.95%] were found to have a central island while two [2.38%] eyes had the semicircular pattern. The remaining two eyes [2.38%] had the keyhole pattern of ablation. The postoperative topographies revealed that the most common ablation zone pattern was homogenous pattern [60.71%] followed by central island pattern [25%]. The loss of best spectacle corrected visual acuity at one month was more in the eyes with postoperative central island pattern [23.81%] as compared to the homogenous pattern [5.45%]

Complications associated with the use of 5000 - centistoke silicon oil after vitreo - retinal surgery

The purpose of the study was to report and compare the complication rates associated with use of silicon oil after vitreo-retinal surgery. This was a prospective hospital based study spanning over a period from January 2004 to June 2005. A total of 69 patients with different vitreo-retinal diseases were operated by a single surgeon using standard three ports pars plana vitrectomy technique and 5000-centistoke silicon oil. Depending upon the intra-operative situation, additional procedures were performed including use of an encircling band, relaxing retinotomy and use of perfluorocarbon liquids. The major post-operative complications observed were, development of cataract in 46 [85.18%] out of 54 patients, early post-operative raised intra-ocular pressure [IOP>25 mmHg] in 28 [40.57%] patients, keratopathy [including corneal edema, corneal abrasions and band keratopathy] in 15 [21.73%] patients, emulsification of silicon oil in 5 [7.26%] patients, glaucoma in 5 [7.26%] patients on final follow-up and ocular hyopotony in 1 [1.44%] patients. Retinal re-attachment in 35 [72.92%] and retinal re-detachment in 13 [27.08%] patients. Visual out-come was, improved visual acuity in 45 [65.23%] patients, preserved [un-changed] in 10 [14.49%] patients and was reduced in 14 [20.28%] patients. The use of silicon oil in vitreo-retinal surgery offers definite advantages however, its complications particularly cataract, glaucoma and kertopathy lead to worries about its use for prolonged retinal temponade